风物记
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胶南年画,最朴实的童趣
「胶南年画」是青岛市级非物质文化遗产,作为西海岸独具地域特色的民间艺术形式,有着悠久的历史、深厚的文化积淀和广泛的群众基础。在当地,家家户户过年贴年画的习俗已代代相传了不知多少世代。早年的年画内容喜庆、构图饱满、色彩鲜艳,贴在墙上满屋生辉,渲染出年节的热烈气氛,表达主人对新一年生活的美好愿望。
弥漫着泥土芳香的胶南年画,蕴含着海风的韵味、烟火的气息,更有时代的烙印,给人以独特的视觉享受。胶南年画有着鲜明的风格,它构图饱满,创作者用画笔将所见所闻所想象的人、事、景和物铺满整个画面,几乎不受任何技法的限制,画面中那些儿时偷果子、骑牛钓鱼、喂羊推磨等童趣场景常常能引起人们的共鸣。胶南年画使用高纯度的原色,同时吸收现代绘画流派的色彩特点,使画面更加明艳、层次更加丰富,这相当考验绘画者色彩搭配能力和构图功力。此外,胶南年画在图案造型上不求形似只求神似,无论画面中的人、景、物的比例关系是否正常、透视是否正确,只要看上去舒服就行,大胆、自由、无拘无束地反映创作者对美的追求。也因此,胶南年画通过运用简单丰满的构图、明艳生动的色调、稚拙朴实且夸张的图案造型,创造出具有鲜明地方特色、具体抽象共存的独特艺术风格,天马行空的大胆想象让观者不禁感叹「大美在民间,高手在民间」。
民间剪纸,纸片上的艺术
作为中国民间传统艺术中的一朵奇葩,民间剪纸浓缩了中华民族浓郁的民族精神,具有独特的审美情趣和深厚的文化底蕴,成为中国传统哲学、美学、民俗学等方面的「活化石」。
历史悠久、品种繁多的胶南剪纸,在琅琊镇、宝山镇和隐珠街道等地广泛流传,人们以此对美好生活的向往。胶南剪纸主要有窗花、顶棚花、饽饽花等。窗花内容丰富,样式则有独幅和多幅组合之分;贴在房屋顶棚的顶棚花包括「团花」和「角花」,其中「团花」一般贴在卧室顶棚中央,被剪成三角形的「角花」则分别贴在顶棚四隅,使「团花」更突出;饽饽花多是专门贴在喜宴寿宴饽饽上的,用「福、禄、寿、喜」等元素表达生机盎然、喜气洋洋的情愫,烘托喜庆氛围。如今胶南剪纸已发展成为实用之外的独立艺术门类,以隐珠街道为代表的胶南剪纸艺术在继承传统的基础上,巧妙联想,大胆夸张,以简洁明快的手法,独具匠心的构思,剪出淳朴清新的艺术风格。
辛安剪纸艺术迄今已有 300 余年的历史,早在清代就被作为贡品送京,颇受皇室喜爱。其艺术风格既有北方剪纸的粗犷豪放,更有江南一带剪纸的纤秀细腻,在艺术表现手法上阴阳结合,粗细兼用,突显出了造型生动、朴实简练的独特魅力。2006 年,辛安剪纸被山东省列入第一批非物质文化遗产,为了更好地发扬和传承此项非物质文化遗产,辛安街道加大了对民间剪纸艺术的挖掘、整理和创新力度,目前仍有众多居民喜爱且擅长这一传统艺术,并创作了大批优秀作品,使民间剪纸这一传统艺术经久不息,并焕发出勃勃生机。
泊里红席,千百年的承袭
「炕上没有席,脸上没有皮」。在泊里镇一带,几乎家家户户都有在炕上铺红席的习俗,无论娶亲还是过年,泊里红席在当地常常是亲戚朋友间互相赠送的高档礼品。实际上,泊里红席的编织和使用,已经在当地有上千年的传承。
传说,战国时期孙膑遭庞涓陷害,流浪并寓居于泊里一带,便用当地高粱的秸秆编成席子做炕当被。因为孙膑膝伤未愈,编席时鲜血滴在席子上顺着白色秫秸的纹理流淌,形成了席子红白相间的颜色。当地百姓为了纪念孙膑,给席子取名「红席」,编织红席的手艺和炕上铺席的风俗从那时起便在泊里一带流传开来,世代相袭,传承至今已有两千多年。
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泊里红席的原材料是独一无二的,用的是红粟也就是红高粱,每年 3 月前后播种到 7 月收割,然后进行晾晒、贮藏、剖割、漂洗等,等到冬天农闲时再编织。编织红席要经过去根、剔梢、捆坯子、泡篾子、破刮篾子、熏白篾子、编隔子和挑席子等大大小小 36 道工序,其中诸多工序要在一种被当地人叫作「地屋子」的房间里进行,一领席子长 2.8 米、宽 1.8 米,从选料开始,至少需要四到五天的时间才能完成,得使用小镢头、砍刀、铣刀、刮板、卷尺、大刮刀、小刮刀、破篾子刀、熏罐、硫磺等众多工具。一领上好的泊里红席,不仅要编织得均匀、纹理整齐,还能兜得住满满一瓢水。曾经十几块钱一张的泊里红席,如今的身价已经涨至千元,这意味着,随着泊里红席编织工艺走进非物质文化遗产名录,这一古老技艺再次焕发青春。
泊里大集的烟火气
作为青岛市非物质文化遗产,泊里大集已有三百多年的历史,几乎与泊里镇同时起源。这个西海岸尚存的最古老也最大的集市,承载着时光,承载着生活,也承载着人们对美好生活的期盼和向往。那嘈杂熙攘的人群中迭起的朴实乡音,那清早冷风中特有的泥土芬芳,那挪不开眼、移不了步的一摊摊货物……无不诉说着时光里仅有的年味。
腊月里的泊里大集,格外红火。除了当地人前来置办年货,许多家住主城区的市民大清早地纷纷赶来,感受年的气息。3000 多个摊位几乎能够包揽所有需要置办的年货,从针头线脑到活鱼鲜花,吃的、穿的、用的琳琅满目。除了传统的福字、对联、年画等必不可少的年物,泊里特有的烧肉、烧鸡等当地特色美食也是炙手可热的年货。在嘈杂的吆喝声中喝一碗热气腾腾的「馇」;在姹紫嫣红中选一盆最应景的茶花;挑一把甜晒海米、抓两把硬糖、扛一卷泊里红席、捎两份年糕……迫不及待地赶来,满心欢喜地离开——这,就是腊月里泊里大集带给人们的乐趣:买什么不重要,重要的是这过程中的平凡朴实的快乐。
秀丽的山海美景,数千年琅琊文化的沉淀,赋予了当地劳动人民独特的艺术气质,也孕育出具有地方特色的文化。这些宝贵的文化,通过一代代人的手、口传承着,经过几百年甚至上千年。这些宝贵的文化宝藏,如今已成为非物质文化遗产,让当地的民间风情更显浓郁、厚重、原汁原味。
About the Natural Scenery and Cultural Heritage
With a long history that has given birth to rich and colorful folk culture and simple, authentic folk customs that have been preserved to this day, Qingdao West Coast New Area is rich in natural resources and outstanding people. This place boasts gorgeous mountains, beautiful seas, passionate coast, green islands, lush countryside, prosperous fishing villages, idyllic life, and simple folk customs. Only a place like this is endowed with beautiful scenery and a rich cultural heritage.
The beautiful natural scenery and the Langya culture which is thousands of years old have given the labouring people here a unique artistic temperament and nurtured a culture with local characteristics. The precious culture has been passed down from generation to generation by hand and mouth, parts of which have a history of hundreds or even thousands of years. The cultural treasure has now become an intangible cultural heritage, further enriching the unique local folk customs.
Jiaonan New Year pictures have distinctive characteristics. The authors show the figures, things, scenery and objects they have seen in real life or their imagination in the pictures without any technical restrictions. The lovely scenes of children stealing fruits, riding cattle, fishing, feeding sheep and turning a millstone in New Year pictures often strike a chord with people. Jiaonan New Year pictures use simple, full and decorative composition, different yet harmonious colors, and innocent, simple and exaggerated modeling to create a unique artistic style that has distinctive local characteristics and combines concrete and abstract images.
Jiaonan paper-cut has a long history, and its origin is difficult to trace. It is mostly used for weddings and festivals to express people’s aspirations for a better life. Jiaonan paper-cuts have a variety of usages. They can be used for window decoration and ceiling decoration, and can even be put on top of steamed buns. Yinzhu Town is a representative place of Jiaonan paper-cut art. The people there, with their bold imagination and ingenuity, have created works in simple and fresh artistic style, as they inherit the tradition.
The custom of weaving and using Poli red mat has been handed down from generation to generation for 2,000 years. For a good Poli red mat, the bamboo strips should be woven evenly, the lines should be neat, and it should be able to hold a ladle full of water. The price of a Poli red mat, which used to be a little over ten yuan, has risen to 1,000 yuan, which means that with the entry of the weaving skill of the Poli red mat into the list of intangible cultural heritage, this ancient craft is once revitalized.
As an intangible cultural heritage of Qingdao, Poli Fair has a history of nearly 300 years. It almost originated at the same time as Poli Town. The oldest and largest remaining market in the West Coast New Area embodies time, life and people’s aspirations for a better life. The strong local accent from the bustling crowd, the unique fragrance of soil in the cold wind in the early morning, and the stalls of goods that make you linger are all telling us that Spring Festival is drawing near.
作者 王一如